Product Description
Product Parameters
| Model | GM-0.33A | GM-0.5A | GM-0.5B | GM-1.0A | GM-2 | GM-0.5F |
| Pumping Speed(L/Min) | 20 | 30 | 30 | 60 | 120 | 30 |
| Ultimate Pressure Vacuum | ≥0.08Mpa,200mbar | ≥0.08Mpa,200mbar;positive pressure:≥30Psi | ≥0.095Mpa,50mbar | ≥0.08Mpa,200mbar;positive pressure:≥30Psi | ≥0.08Mpa,200mbar | ≥0.099Mpa,10mbar |
| Power(W) | 160 | 160 | 160 | 160 | 300 | 160 |
| Air Inlet(mm) | φ6 | φ6 | φ6 | φ6 | φ9 | φ6 |
| Air Outlet(mm) | Built-in silencing cotton | φ6 | Silencer | φ6 | φ9 | φ6 |
| Pump Head Quantity | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Size(L*W*Hmm) | 270*130*210 | 230*180*265 | 350*130*220 | 310*200*210 | 390*150*250 | 370*144*275 |
| Working Temperature(ºC) | 7-40 | 7-40 | 7-40 | 7-40 | 7-40 | 7-40 |
| Pump Temperature(ºC) | <55 | <55 | <55 | <55 | <55 | <55 |
| Weight(kg) | 7 | 7.5 | 10 | 10 | 20 | 13.5 |
| Diaphragm | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR |
| Valves | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR |
| Noise Level (DB) | <60 | <60 | <60 | <60 | <60 | <60 |
| Power Supply | 220V,50HZ | 220V,50HZ | 220V,50HZ | 220V,50HZ | 220V,50HZ | 220V,50HZ |
Product Description
“BOTH” GM Series New Diaphragm Vacuum Pump , the parts which contact with the gas are PTFE material , it’s suitable for the corrosive chemical , pharmaceutical , petrochemical gases etc . It’s used for vacuum filtration , reduced pressure distillation , rotary evaporation , vacuum concentration , centrifugal concentration , CHINAMFG phase extraction etc . It’s a very high cost performance product with quality reliability , unique structural design to meet the various needs of the laboratory.
Application
Vacuum Adsorption | Solvent Filtration | Vacuum Distillation | Vacuum Drying | Compressing and Converting Gas |SPE(Solid Phase Extraction) | Deaeration
Company Profile
Packaging & Shipping
FAQ
Q1. What is your products range?
• Industry water chiller, recirculating cooling chiller, rotary evaporator, alcohol recovery equipment, short path distillation kit, glass molecular distillation equipment, falling film evaporator, jacketed glass reactor and other lab equipment.
Q2. Are you trading company or manufacturer?
• We are professional manufacture of lab equipment and we have our own factory.
Q3. Do you provide samples? Is it free?
• Yes, we could offer the sample. Considering the high value of our products, the sample is not free, but we will give you our best price including shipping cost.
Q4. Do you have warranty?
• Yes, we offer 1 year warranty for the spare part.
Q5. How long is your delivery time?
• Generally it is within 7 working days after receiving the payment if the goods are in stock. Or it is 15 working days if thegoods are not in stock, depending on order quantity.
Q6. What is your terms of payment?
• Payment≤15,000USD, 100% in advance. Payment≥15,000USD, 70% T/T in advance, balance before shipment.
(If you are concerned about payment security for the first order, we advise you can place Trade Assurance Order via Alibaba. you will get 100% payment refund if we can’t meet agreed delivery time.)
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
| After-sales Service: | Online Service Support |
|---|---|
| Warranty: | 1 Year |
| Oil or Not: | Oil Free |
| Customization: |
Available
|
|
|---|
.shipping-cost-tm .tm-status-off{background: none;padding:0;color: #1470cc}
| Shipping Cost:
Estimated freight per unit. |
about shipping cost and estimated delivery time. |
|---|
| Payment Method: |
|
|---|---|
|
Initial Payment Full Payment |
| Currency: | US$ |
|---|
| Return&refunds: | You can apply for a refund up to 30 days after receipt of the products. |
|---|
What Is the Impact of Altitude on Vacuum Pump Performance?
The performance of vacuum pumps can be influenced by the altitude at which they are operated. Here’s a detailed explanation:
Altitude refers to the elevation or height above sea level. As the altitude increases, the atmospheric pressure decreases. This decrease in atmospheric pressure can have several effects on the performance of vacuum pumps:
1. Reduced Suction Capacity: Vacuum pumps rely on the pressure differential between the suction side and the discharge side to create a vacuum. At higher altitudes, where the atmospheric pressure is lower, the pressure differential available for the pump to work against is reduced. This can result in a decrease in the suction capacity of the vacuum pump, meaning it may not be able to achieve the same level of vacuum as it would at lower altitudes.
2. Lower Ultimate Vacuum Level: The ultimate vacuum level, which represents the lowest pressure that a vacuum pump can achieve, is also affected by altitude. As the atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude, the ultimate vacuum level that can be attained by a vacuum pump is limited. The pump may struggle to reach the same level of vacuum as it would at sea level or lower altitudes.
3. Pumping Speed: Pumping speed is a measure of how quickly a vacuum pump can remove gases from a system. At higher altitudes, the reduced atmospheric pressure can lead to a decrease in pumping speed. This means that the vacuum pump may take longer to evacuate a chamber or system to the desired vacuum level.
4. Increased Power Consumption: To compensate for the decreased pressure differential and achieve the desired vacuum level, a vacuum pump operating at higher altitudes may require higher power consumption. The pump needs to work harder to overcome the lower atmospheric pressure and maintain the necessary suction capacity. This increased power consumption can impact energy efficiency and operating costs.
5. Efficiency and Performance Variations: Different types of vacuum pumps may exhibit varying degrees of sensitivity to altitude. Oil-sealed rotary vane pumps, for example, may experience more significant performance variations compared to dry pumps or other pump technologies. The design and operating principles of the vacuum pump can influence its ability to maintain performance at higher altitudes.
It’s important to note that vacuum pump manufacturers typically provide specifications and performance curves for their pumps based on standardized conditions, often at or near sea level. When operating a vacuum pump at higher altitudes, it is advisable to consult the manufacturer’s guidelines and consider any altitude-related limitations or adjustments that may be necessary.
In summary, the altitude at which a vacuum pump operates can have an impact on its performance. The reduced atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes can result in decreased suction capacity, lower ultimate vacuum levels, reduced pumping speed, and potentially increased power consumption. Understanding these effects is crucial for selecting and operating vacuum pumps effectively in different altitude environments.
How Do Vacuum Pumps Impact the Quality of 3D Printing?
Vacuum pumps play a significant role in improving the quality and performance of 3D printing processes. Here’s a detailed explanation:
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process of creating three-dimensional objects by depositing successive layers of material. Vacuum pumps are utilized in various aspects of 3D printing to enhance the overall quality, accuracy, and reliability of printed parts. Here are some key ways in which vacuum pumps impact 3D printing:
1. Material Handling and Filtration: Vacuum pumps are used in 3D printing systems to handle and control the flow of materials. They create the necessary suction force to transport powdered materials, such as polymers or metal powders, from storage containers to the printing chamber. Vacuum systems also assist in filtering and removing unwanted particles or impurities from the material, ensuring the purity and consistency of the feedstock. This helps to prevent clogging or contamination issues during the printing process.
2. Build Plate Adhesion: Proper adhesion of the printed object to the build plate is crucial for achieving dimensional accuracy and preventing warping or detachment during the printing process. Vacuum pumps are employed to create a vacuum environment or suction force that securely holds the build plate and ensures firm adhesion between the first layer of the printed object and the build surface. This promotes stability and minimizes the risk of layer shifting or deformation during the printing process.
3. Material Drying: Many 3D printing materials, such as filament or powdered polymers, can absorb moisture from the surrounding environment. Moisture-contaminated materials can lead to poor print quality, reduced mechanical properties, or defects in the printed parts. Vacuum pumps with integrated drying capabilities can be employed to create a low-pressure environment, effectively removing moisture from the materials before they are used in the printing process. This ensures the dryness and quality of the materials, resulting in improved print outcomes.
4. Resin Handling in Stereolithography (SLA): In SLA 3D printing, a liquid resin is selectively cured using light sources to create the desired object. Vacuum pumps are utilized to facilitate the resin handling process. They can be employed to degas or remove air bubbles from the liquid resin, ensuring a smooth and bubble-free flow during material dispensing. This helps to prevent defects and imperfections caused by trapped air or bubbles in the final printed part.
5. Enclosure Pressure Control: Some 3D printing processes, such as selective laser sintering (SLS) or binder jetting, require the printing chamber to be maintained at a specific pressure or controlled atmosphere. Vacuum pumps are used to create a controlled low-pressure or vacuum environment within the printing chamber, enabling precise pressure regulation and maintaining the desired conditions for optimal printing results. This control over the printing environment helps to prevent oxidation, improve material flow, and enhance the quality and consistency of printed parts.
6. Post-Processing and Cleaning: Vacuum pumps can also aid in post-processing steps and cleaning of 3D printed parts. For instance, in processes like support material removal or surface finishing, vacuum systems can assist in the removal of residual support structures or excess powder from printed objects. They can also be employed in vacuum-based cleaning methods, such as vapor smoothing, to achieve smoother surface finishes and enhance the aesthetics of the printed parts.
7. System Maintenance and Filtration: Vacuum pumps used in 3D printing systems require regular maintenance and proper filtration to ensure their efficient and reliable operation. Effective filtration systems within the vacuum pumps help to remove any contaminants or particles generated during printing, preventing their circulation and potential deposition on the printed parts. This helps to maintain the cleanliness of the printing environment and minimize the risk of defects or impurities in the final printed objects.
In summary, vacuum pumps have a significant impact on the quality of 3D printing. They contribute to material handling and filtration, build plate adhesion, material drying, resin handling in SLA, enclosure pressure control, post-processing and cleaning, as well as system maintenance and filtration. By utilizing vacuum pumps in these critical areas, 3D printing processes can achieve improved accuracy, dimensional stability, material quality, and overall print quality.
What Is a Vacuum Pump, and How Does It Work?
A vacuum pump is a mechanical device used to create and maintain a vacuum or low-pressure environment within a closed system. Here’s a detailed explanation:
A vacuum pump operates on the principle of removing gas molecules from a sealed chamber, reducing the pressure inside the chamber to create a vacuum. The pump accomplishes this through various mechanisms and techniques, depending on the specific type of vacuum pump. Here are the basic steps involved in the operation of a vacuum pump:
1. Sealed Chamber:
The vacuum pump is connected to a sealed chamber or system from which air or gas molecules need to be evacuated. The chamber can be a container, a pipeline, or any other enclosed space.
2. Inlet and Outlet:
The vacuum pump has an inlet and an outlet. The inlet is connected to the sealed chamber, while the outlet may be vented to the atmosphere or connected to a collection system to capture or release the evacuated gas.
3. Mechanical Action:
The vacuum pump creates a mechanical action that removes gas molecules from the chamber. Different types of vacuum pumps use various mechanisms for this purpose:
– Positive Displacement Pumps: These pumps physically trap gas molecules and remove them from the chamber. Examples include rotary vane pumps, piston pumps, and diaphragm pumps.
– Momentum Transfer Pumps: These pumps use high-speed jets or rotating blades to transfer momentum to gas molecules, pushing them out of the chamber. Examples include turbomolecular pumps and diffusion pumps.
– Entrapment Pumps: These pumps capture gas molecules by adsorbing or condensing them on surfaces or in materials within the pump. Cryogenic pumps and ion pumps are examples of entrainment pumps.
4. Gas Evacuation:
As the vacuum pump operates, it creates a pressure differential between the chamber and the pump. This pressure differential causes gas molecules to move from the chamber to the pump’s inlet.
5. Exhaust or Collection:
Once the gas molecules are removed from the chamber, they are either exhausted into the atmosphere or collected and processed further, depending on the specific application.
6. Pressure Control:
Vacuum pumps often incorporate pressure control mechanisms to maintain the desired level of vacuum within the chamber. These mechanisms can include valves, regulators, or feedback systems that adjust the pump’s operation to achieve the desired pressure range.
7. Monitoring and Safety:
Vacuum pump systems may include sensors, gauges, or indicators to monitor the pressure levels, temperature, or other parameters. Safety features such as pressure relief valves or interlocks may also be included to protect the system and operators from overpressure or other hazardous conditions.
It’s important to note that different types of vacuum pumps have varying levels of vacuum they can achieve and are suitable for different pressure ranges and applications. The choice of vacuum pump depends on factors such as the required vacuum level, gas composition, pumping speed, and the specific application’s requirements.
In summary, a vacuum pump is a device that removes gas molecules from a sealed chamber, creating a vacuum or low-pressure environment. The pump accomplishes this through mechanical actions, such as positive displacement, momentum transfer, or entrapment. By creating a pressure differential, the pump evacuates gas from the chamber, and the gas is either exhausted or collected. Vacuum pumps play a crucial role in various industries, including manufacturing, research, and scientific applications.
editor by Dream 2024-05-17
China supplier Lab Portable Oil-Free Diaphragm Vacuum Pump vacuum pump electric
Product Description
Product Parameters
| Model | GM-0.33A | GM-0.5A | GM-0.5B | GM-1.0A | GM-2 | GM-0.5F |
| Pumping Speed(L/Min) | 20 | 30 | 30 | 60 | 120 | 30 |
| Ultimate Pressure Vacuum | ≥0.08Mpa,200mbar | ≥0.08Mpa,200mbar;positive pressure:≥30Psi | ≥0.095Mpa,50mbar | ≥0.08Mpa,200mbar;positive pressure:≥30Psi | ≥0.08Mpa,200mbar | ≥0.099Mpa,10mbar |
| Power(W) | 160 | 160 | 160 | 160 | 300 | 160 |
| Air Inlet(mm) | φ6 | φ6 | φ6 | φ6 | φ9 | φ6 |
| Air Outlet(mm) | Built-in silencing cotton | φ6 | Silencer | φ6 | φ9 | φ6 |
| Pump Head Quantity | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Size(L*W*Hmm) | 270*130*210 | 230*180*265 | 350*130*220 | 310*200*210 | 390*150*250 | 370*144*275 |
| Working Temperature(ºC) | 7-40 | 7-40 | 7-40 | 7-40 | 7-40 | 7-40 |
| Pump Temperature(ºC) | <55 | <55 | <55 | <55 | <55 | <55 |
| Weight(kg) | 7 | 7.5 | 10 | 10 | 20 | 13.5 |
| Diaphragm | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR |
| Valves | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR |
| Noise Level (DB) | <60 | <60 | <60 | <60 | <60 | <60 |
| Power Supply | 220V,50HZ | 220V,50HZ | 220V,50HZ | 220V,50HZ | 220V,50HZ | 220V,50HZ |
Product Description
“BOTH” GM Series New Diaphragm Vacuum Pump , the parts which contact with the gas are PTFE material , it’s suitable for the corrosive chemical , pharmaceutical , petrochemical gases etc . It’s used for vacuum filtration , reduced pressure distillation , rotary evaporation , vacuum concentration , centrifugal concentration , CHINAMFG phase extraction etc . It’s a very high cost performance product with quality reliability , unique structural design to meet the various needs of the laboratory.
Application
Vacuum Adsorption | Solvent Filtration | Vacuum Distillation | Vacuum Drying | Compressing and Converting Gas |SPE(Solid Phase Extraction) | Deaeration
Company Profile
Packaging & Shipping
FAQ
Q1. What is your products range?
• Industry water chiller, recirculating cooling chiller, rotary evaporator, alcohol recovery equipment, short path distillation kit, glass molecular distillation equipment, falling film evaporator, jacketed glass reactor and other lab equipment.
Q2. Are you trading company or manufacturer?
• We are professional manufacture of lab equipment and we have our own factory.
Q3. Do you provide samples? Is it free?
• Yes, we could offer the sample. Considering the high value of our products, the sample is not free, but we will give you our best price including shipping cost.
Q4. Do you have warranty?
• Yes, we offer 1 year warranty for the spare part.
Q5. How long is your delivery time?
• Generally it is within 7 working days after receiving the payment if the goods are in stock. Or it is 15 working days if thegoods are not in stock, depending on order quantity.
Q6. What is your terms of payment?
• Payment≤15,000USD, 100% in advance. Payment≥15,000USD, 70% T/T in advance, balance before shipment.
(If you are concerned about payment security for the first order, we advise you can place Trade Assurance Order via Alibaba. you will get 100% payment refund if we can’t meet agreed delivery time.)
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
| After-sales Service: | Online Service Support |
|---|---|
| Warranty: | 1 Year |
| Oil or Not: | Oil Free |
| Customization: |
Available
|
|
|---|
.shipping-cost-tm .tm-status-off{background: none;padding:0;color: #1470cc}
| Shipping Cost:
Estimated freight per unit. |
about shipping cost and estimated delivery time. |
|---|
| Payment Method: |
|
|---|---|
|
Initial Payment Full Payment |
| Currency: | US$ |
|---|
| Return&refunds: | You can apply for a refund up to 30 days after receipt of the products. |
|---|
Can Vacuum Pumps Be Used in the Automotive Industry?
Yes, vacuum pumps are widely used in the automotive industry for various applications. Here’s a detailed explanation:
The automotive industry relies on vacuum pumps for several critical functions and systems within vehicles. Vacuum pumps play a crucial role in enhancing performance, improving fuel efficiency, and enabling the operation of various automotive systems. Here are some key applications of vacuum pumps in the automotive industry:
1. Brake Systems: Vacuum pumps are commonly used in vacuum-assisted brake systems, also known as power brakes. These systems utilize vacuum pressure to amplify the force applied by the driver to the brake pedal, making braking more efficient and responsive. Vacuum pumps help generate the required vacuum for power brake assistance, ensuring reliable and consistent braking performance.
2. Emission Control Systems: Vacuum pumps are integral components of emission control systems in vehicles. They assist in operating components such as the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) valve and the Evaporative Emission Control (EVAP) system. Vacuum pumps help create the necessary vacuum conditions for proper functioning of these systems, reducing harmful emissions and improving overall environmental performance.
3. HVAC Systems: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems in vehicles often utilize vacuum pumps for various functions. Vacuum pumps help control the vacuum-operated actuators that regulate the direction, temperature, and airflow of the HVAC system. They ensure efficient operation and precise control of the vehicle’s interior climate control system.
4. Turbocharger and Supercharger Systems: In performance-oriented vehicles, turbocharger and supercharger systems are used to increase engine power and efficiency. Vacuum pumps play a role in these systems by providing vacuum pressure for actuating wastegates, blow-off valves, and other control mechanisms. These components help regulate the boost pressure and ensure optimal performance of the forced induction system.
5. Fuel Delivery Systems: Vacuum pumps are employed in certain types of fuel delivery systems, such as mechanical fuel pumps. These pumps utilize vacuum pressure to draw fuel from the fuel tank and deliver it to the engine. While mechanical fuel pumps are less commonly used in modern vehicles, vacuum pumps are still found in some specialized applications.
6. Engine Management Systems: Vacuum pumps are utilized in engine management systems for various functions. They assist in operating components such as vacuum-operated actuators, vacuum reservoirs, and vacuum sensors. These components play a role in engine performance, emissions control, and overall system functionality.
7. Fluid Control Systems: Vacuum pumps are used in fluid control systems within vehicles, such as power steering systems. Vacuum-assisted power steering systems utilize vacuum pressure to assist the driver in steering, reducing the effort required. Vacuum pumps provide the necessary vacuum for power steering assistance, enhancing maneuverability and driver comfort.
8. Diagnostic and Testing Equipment: Vacuum pumps are also utilized in automotive diagnostic and testing equipment. These pumps create vacuum conditions necessary for testing and diagnosing various vehicle systems, such as intake manifold leaks, brake system integrity, and vacuum-operated components.
It’s important to note that different types of vacuum pumps may be used depending on the specific automotive application. Common vacuum pump technologies in the automotive industry include diaphragm pumps, rotary vane pumps, and electric vacuum pumps.
In summary, vacuum pumps have numerous applications in the automotive industry, ranging from brake systems and emission control to HVAC systems and engine management. They contribute to improved safety, fuel efficiency, environmental performance, and overall vehicle functionality.
Can Vacuum Pumps Be Used for Chemical Distillation?
Yes, vacuum pumps are commonly used in chemical distillation processes. Here’s a detailed explanation:
Chemical distillation is a technique used to separate or purify components of a mixture based on their different boiling points. The process involves heating the mixture to evaporate the desired component and then condensing the vapor to collect the purified substance. Vacuum pumps play a crucial role in chemical distillation by creating a reduced pressure environment, which lowers the boiling points of the components and enables distillation at lower temperatures.
Here are some key aspects of using vacuum pumps in chemical distillation:
1. Reduced Pressure: By creating a vacuum or low-pressure environment in the distillation apparatus, vacuum pumps lower the pressure inside the system. This reduction in pressure lowers the boiling points of the components, allowing distillation to occur at temperatures lower than their normal boiling points. This is particularly useful for heat-sensitive or high-boiling-point compounds that would decompose or become thermally degraded at higher temperatures.
2. Increased Boiling Point Separation: Vacuum distillation increases the separation between the boiling points of the components, making it easier to achieve a higher degree of purification. In regular atmospheric distillation, the boiling points of some components may overlap, leading to less effective separation. By operating under vacuum, the boiling points of the components are further apart, improving the selectivity and efficiency of the distillation process.
3. Energy Efficiency: Vacuum distillation can be more energy-efficient compared to distillation under atmospheric conditions. The reduced pressure lowers the required temperature for distillation, resulting in reduced energy consumption and lower operating costs. This is particularly advantageous when dealing with large-scale distillation processes or when distilling heat-sensitive compounds that require careful temperature control.
4. Types of Vacuum Pumps: Different types of vacuum pumps can be used in chemical distillation depending on the specific requirements of the process. Some commonly used vacuum pump types include:
– Rotary Vane Pumps: Rotary vane pumps are widely used in chemical distillation due to their ability to achieve moderate vacuum levels and handle various gases. They work by using rotating vanes to create chambers that expand and contract, enabling the pumping of gas or vapor.
– Diaphragm Pumps: Diaphragm pumps are suitable for smaller-scale distillation processes. They use a flexible diaphragm that moves up and down to create a vacuum and compress the gas or vapor. Diaphragm pumps are often oil-free, making them suitable for applications where avoiding oil contamination is essential.
– Liquid Ring Pumps: Liquid ring pumps can handle more demanding distillation processes and corrosive gases. They rely on a rotating liquid ring to create a seal and compress the gas or vapor. Liquid ring pumps are commonly used in chemical and petrochemical industries.
– Dry Screw Pumps: Dry screw pumps are suitable for high-vacuum distillation processes. They use intermeshing screws to compress and transport gas or vapor. Dry screw pumps are known for their high pumping speeds, low noise levels, and oil-free operation.
Overall, vacuum pumps are integral to chemical distillation processes as they create the necessary reduced pressure environment that enables distillation at lower temperatures. By using vacuum pumps, it is possible to achieve better separation, improve energy efficiency, and handle heat-sensitive compounds effectively. The choice of vacuum pump depends on factors such as the required vacuum level, the scale of the distillation process, and the nature of the compounds being distilled.
What Industries Commonly Rely on Vacuum Pump Technology?
Vacuum pump technology finds applications in various industries where creating and controlling vacuum or low-pressure environments is crucial. Here’s a detailed explanation:
1. Manufacturing and Production: Vacuum pumps are extensively used in manufacturing and production processes across multiple industries. They are employed for tasks such as vacuum molding, vacuum packaging, vacuum degassing, vacuum drying, and vacuum distillation. Industries like automotive, aerospace, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and food processing rely on vacuum pump technology to achieve precise and controlled manufacturing conditions.
2. Chemical and Pharmaceutical: The chemical and pharmaceutical industries heavily rely on vacuum pumps for numerous applications. These include solvent recovery, vacuum filtration, vacuum drying, distillation, crystallization, and evaporation. Vacuum pumps enable these industries to carry out critical processes under reduced pressure, ensuring efficient separation, purification, and synthesis of various chemical compounds and pharmaceutical products.
3. Semiconductor and Electronics: The semiconductor and electronics industries extensively use vacuum pumps for manufacturing microchips, electronic components, and electronic devices. Vacuum pumps are crucial in processes such as physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), etching, ion implantation, and sputtering. These processes require controlled vacuum conditions to ensure precise deposition, surface modification, and contamination-free manufacturing.
4. Research and Development: Vacuum pump technology is integral to research and development activities across scientific disciplines. It supports experiments and investigations in fields such as physics, chemistry, materials science, biology, and environmental science. Vacuum pumps facilitate processes like freeze drying, vacuum distillation, vacuum evaporation, vacuum spectroscopy, and creating controlled atmospheric conditions for studying various phenomena.
5. Food and Beverage: The food and beverage industry relies on vacuum pumps for packaging and preservation purposes. Vacuum sealing is used to extend the shelf life of food products by removing air and creating a vacuum-sealed environment that inhibits spoilage and maintains freshness. Vacuum pumps are also used in processes like freeze drying, vacuum concentration, and vacuum cooling.
6. Oil and Gas: In the oil and gas industry, vacuum pumps play a role in various applications. They are used for crude oil vacuum distillation, vacuum drying, vapor recovery, gas compression, and gas stripping processes. Vacuum pumps help maintain optimal conditions during oil refining, gas processing, and petrochemical manufacturing.
7. Environmental and Waste Management: Vacuum pumps are employed in environmental and waste management applications. They are used for tasks such as soil vapor extraction, groundwater remediation, landfill gas recovery, and wastewater treatment. Vacuum pumps facilitate the removal and containment of gases, vapors, and pollutants, contributing to environmental protection and sustainable waste management.
8. Medical and Healthcare: The medical and healthcare sectors utilize vacuum pumps for various purposes. They are used in medical equipment such as vacuum-assisted wound therapy devices, vacuum-based laboratory analyzers, and vacuum suction systems in hospitals and clinics. Vacuum pumps are also used in medical research, pharmaceutical production, and medical device manufacturing.
9. Power Generation: Vacuum pumps play a role in power generation industries, including nuclear power plants and thermal power plants. They are used for steam condensation, turbine blade cooling, vacuum drying during transformer manufacturing, and vacuum systems for testing and maintenance of power plant equipment.
10. HVAC and Refrigeration: The HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) and refrigeration industries rely on vacuum pumps for system installation, maintenance, and repair. Vacuum pumps are used to evacuate air and moisture from refrigerant lines and HVAC systems, ensuring optimal system performance and efficiency.
These are just a few examples of industries that commonly rely on vacuum pump technology. The versatility and wide-ranging applications of vacuum pumps make them indispensable tools across numerous sectors, enabling precise control over vacuum conditions, efficient manufacturing processes, and scientific investigations.
editor by Dream 2024-05-07
China best 20L/Min-60L/Min Micro Lab Anticorrosive Oilless Diaphragm Vacuum Pump vacuum pump oil near me
Product Description
Product Parameters
| Model | GM-0.33A | GM-0.5A | GM-0.5B | GM-1.0A | GM-2 | GM-0.5F |
| Pumping Speed(L/Min) | 20 | 30 | 30 | 60 | 120 | 30 |
| Ultimate Pressure Vacuum | ≥0.08Mpa,200mbar | ≥0.08Mpa,200mbar;positive pressure:≥30Psi | ≥0.095Mpa,50mbar | ≥0.08Mpa,200mbar;positive pressure:≥30Psi | ≥0.08Mpa,200mbar | ≥0.099Mpa,10mbar |
| Power(W) | 160 | 160 | 160 | 160 | 300 | 160 |
| Air Inlet(mm) | φ6 | φ6 | φ6 | φ6 | φ9 | φ6 |
| Air Outlet(mm) | Built-in silencing cotton | φ6 | Silencer | φ6 | φ9 | φ6 |
| Pump Head Quantity | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Size(L*W*Hmm) | 270*130*210 | 230*180*265 | 350*130*220 | 310*200*210 | 390*150*250 | 370*144*275 |
| Working Temperature(ºC) | 7-40 | 7-40 | 7-40 | 7-40 | 7-40 | 7-40 |
| Pump Temperature(ºC) | <55 | <55 | <55 | <55 | <55 | <55 |
| Weight(kg) | 7 | 7.5 | 10 | 10 | 20 | 13.5 |
| Diaphragm | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR |
| Valves | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR | NBR |
| Noise Level (DB) | <60 | <60 | <60 | <60 | <60 | <60 |
| Power Supply | 220V,50HZ | 220V,50HZ | 220V,50HZ | 220V,50HZ | 220V,50HZ | 220V,50HZ |
Product Description
“BOTH” GM Series New Diaphragm Vacuum Pump , the parts which contact with the gas are PTFE material , it’s suitable for the corrosive chemical , pharmaceutical , petrochemical gases etc . It’s used for vacuum filtration , reduced pressure distillation , rotary evaporation , vacuum concentration , centrifugal concentration , CHINAMFG phase extraction etc . It’s a very high cost performance product with quality reliability , unique structural design to meet the various needs of the laboratory.
Application
Vacuum Adsorption | Solvent Filtration | Vacuum Distillation | Vacuum Drying | Compressing and Converting Gas |SPE(Solid Phase Extraction) | Deaeration
Company Profile
Packaging & Shipping
FAQ
Q1. What is your products range?
• Industry water chiller, recirculating cooling chiller, rotary evaporator, alcohol recovery equipment, short path distillation kit, glass molecular distillation equipment, falling film evaporator, jacketed glass reactor and other lab equipment.
Q2. Are you trading company or manufacturer?
• We are professional manufacture of lab equipment and we have our own factory.
Q3. Do you provide samples? Is it free?
• Yes, we could offer the sample. Considering the high value of our products, the sample is not free, but we will give you our best price including shipping cost.
Q4. Do you have warranty?
• Yes, we offer 1 year warranty for the spare part.
Q5. How long is your delivery time?
• Generally it is within 7 working days after receiving the payment if the goods are in stock. Or it is 15 working days if thegoods are not in stock, depending on order quantity.
Q6. What is your terms of payment?
• Payment≤15,000USD, 100% in advance. Payment≥15,000USD, 70% T/T in advance, balance before shipment.
(If you are concerned about payment security for the first order, we advise you can place Trade Assurance Order via Alibaba. you will get 100% payment refund if we can’t meet agreed delivery time.)
| After-sales Service: | Online Service Support |
|---|---|
| Warranty: | 1 Year |
| Oil or Not: | Oil Free |
| Customization: |
Available
|
|
|---|
.shipping-cost-tm .tm-status-off{background: none;padding:0;color: #1470cc}
| Shipping Cost:
Estimated freight per unit. |
about shipping cost and estimated delivery time. |
|---|
| Payment Method: |
|
|---|---|
|
Initial Payment Full Payment |
| Currency: | US$ |
|---|
| Return&refunds: | You can apply for a refund up to 30 days after receipt of the products. |
|---|
What Is the Impact of Altitude on Vacuum Pump Performance?
The performance of vacuum pumps can be influenced by the altitude at which they are operated. Here’s a detailed explanation:
Altitude refers to the elevation or height above sea level. As the altitude increases, the atmospheric pressure decreases. This decrease in atmospheric pressure can have several effects on the performance of vacuum pumps:
1. Reduced Suction Capacity: Vacuum pumps rely on the pressure differential between the suction side and the discharge side to create a vacuum. At higher altitudes, where the atmospheric pressure is lower, the pressure differential available for the pump to work against is reduced. This can result in a decrease in the suction capacity of the vacuum pump, meaning it may not be able to achieve the same level of vacuum as it would at lower altitudes.
2. Lower Ultimate Vacuum Level: The ultimate vacuum level, which represents the lowest pressure that a vacuum pump can achieve, is also affected by altitude. As the atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude, the ultimate vacuum level that can be attained by a vacuum pump is limited. The pump may struggle to reach the same level of vacuum as it would at sea level or lower altitudes.
3. Pumping Speed: Pumping speed is a measure of how quickly a vacuum pump can remove gases from a system. At higher altitudes, the reduced atmospheric pressure can lead to a decrease in pumping speed. This means that the vacuum pump may take longer to evacuate a chamber or system to the desired vacuum level.
4. Increased Power Consumption: To compensate for the decreased pressure differential and achieve the desired vacuum level, a vacuum pump operating at higher altitudes may require higher power consumption. The pump needs to work harder to overcome the lower atmospheric pressure and maintain the necessary suction capacity. This increased power consumption can impact energy efficiency and operating costs.
5. Efficiency and Performance Variations: Different types of vacuum pumps may exhibit varying degrees of sensitivity to altitude. Oil-sealed rotary vane pumps, for example, may experience more significant performance variations compared to dry pumps or other pump technologies. The design and operating principles of the vacuum pump can influence its ability to maintain performance at higher altitudes.
It’s important to note that vacuum pump manufacturers typically provide specifications and performance curves for their pumps based on standardized conditions, often at or near sea level. When operating a vacuum pump at higher altitudes, it is advisable to consult the manufacturer’s guidelines and consider any altitude-related limitations or adjustments that may be necessary.
In summary, the altitude at which a vacuum pump operates can have an impact on its performance. The reduced atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes can result in decreased suction capacity, lower ultimate vacuum levels, reduced pumping speed, and potentially increased power consumption. Understanding these effects is crucial for selecting and operating vacuum pumps effectively in different altitude environments.
Can Vacuum Pumps Be Used in the Production of Solar Panels?
Yes, vacuum pumps are extensively used in the production of solar panels. Here’s a detailed explanation:
Solar panels, also known as photovoltaic (PV) panels, are devices that convert sunlight into electricity. The manufacturing process of solar panels involves several critical steps, many of which require the use of vacuum pumps. Vacuum technology plays a crucial role in ensuring the efficiency, reliability, and quality of solar panel production. Here are some key areas where vacuum pumps are utilized:
1. Silicon Ingot Production: The first step in solar panel manufacturing is the production of silicon ingots. These ingots are cylindrical blocks of pure crystalline silicon that serve as the raw material for solar cells. Vacuum pumps are used in the Czochralski process, which involves melting polycrystalline silicon in a quartz crucible and then slowly pulling a single crystal ingot from the molten silicon. Vacuum pumps create a controlled environment by removing impurities and preventing contamination during the crystal growth process.
2. Wafering: After the silicon ingots are produced, they undergo wafering, where the ingots are sliced into thin wafers. Vacuum pumps are used in wire saws to create a low-pressure environment that helps to cool and lubricate the cutting wire. The vacuum also assists in removing the silicon debris generated during the slicing process, ensuring clean and precise cuts.
3. Solar Cell Production: Vacuum pumps play a significant role in various stages of solar cell production. Solar cells are the individual units within a solar panel that convert sunlight into electricity. Vacuum pumps are used in the following processes:
– Diffusion: In the diffusion process, dopants such as phosphorus or boron are introduced into the silicon wafer to create the desired electrical properties. Vacuum pumps are utilized in the diffusion furnace to create a controlled atmosphere for the diffusion process and remove any impurities or gases that may affect the quality of the solar cell.
– Deposition: Thin films of materials such as anti-reflective coatings, passivation layers, and electrode materials are deposited onto the silicon wafer. Vacuum pumps are used in various deposition techniques like physical vapor deposition (PVD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to create the necessary vacuum conditions for precise and uniform film deposition.
– Etching: Etching processes are employed to create the desired surface textures on the solar cell, which enhance light trapping and improve efficiency. Vacuum pumps are used in plasma etching or wet etching techniques to remove unwanted material or create specific surface structures on the solar cell.
4. Encapsulation: After the solar cells are produced, they are encapsulated to protect them from environmental factors such as moisture and mechanical stress. Vacuum pumps are used in the encapsulation process to create a vacuum environment, ensuring the removal of air and moisture from the encapsulation materials. This helps to achieve proper bonding and prevents the formation of bubbles or voids, which could degrade the performance and longevity of the solar panel.
5. Testing and Quality Control: Vacuum pumps are also utilized in testing and quality control processes during solar panel production. For example, vacuum systems can be used for leak testing to ensure the integrity of the encapsulation and to detect any potential defects or leaks in the panel assembly. Vacuum-based measurement techniques may also be employed for assessing the electrical characteristics and efficiency of the solar cells or panels.
In summary, vacuum pumps are integral to the production of solar panels. They are used in various stages of the manufacturing process, including silicon ingot production, wafering, solar cell production (diffusion, deposition, and etching), encapsulation, and testing. Vacuum technology enables precise control, contamination prevention, and efficient processing, contributing to the production of high-quality and reliable solar panels.
Can Vacuum Pumps Be Used in Food Processing?
Yes, vacuum pumps are widely used in food processing for various applications. Here’s a detailed explanation:
Vacuum pumps play a crucial role in the food processing industry by enabling the creation and maintenance of vacuum or low-pressure environments. They offer several benefits in terms of food preservation, packaging, and processing. Here are some common applications of vacuum pumps in food processing:
1. Vacuum Packaging: Vacuum pumps are extensively used in vacuum packaging processes. Vacuum packaging involves removing air from the packaging container to create a vacuum-sealed environment. This process helps extend the shelf life of food products by inhibiting the growth of spoilage-causing microorganisms and reducing oxidation. Vacuum pumps are used to evacuate the air from the packaging, ensuring a tight seal and maintaining the quality and freshness of the food.
2. Freeze Drying: Vacuum pumps are essential in freeze drying or lyophilization processes used in food processing. Freeze drying involves removing moisture from food products while they are frozen, preserving their texture, flavor, and nutritional content. Vacuum pumps create a low-pressure environment that allows frozen water to directly sublimate from solid to vapor, resulting in the removal of moisture from the food without causing damage or loss of quality.
3. Vacuum Cooling: Vacuum pumps are utilized in vacuum cooling processes for rapid and efficient cooling of food products. Vacuum cooling involves placing the food in a vacuum chamber and reducing the pressure. This lowers the boiling point of water, facilitating the rapid evaporation of moisture and heat from the food, thereby cooling it quickly. Vacuum cooling helps maintain the freshness, texture, and quality of delicate food items such as fruits, vegetables, and bakery products.
4. Vacuum Concentration: Vacuum pumps are employed in vacuum concentration processes in the food industry. Vacuum concentration involves removing excess moisture from liquid food products to increase their solids content. By creating a vacuum, the boiling point of the liquid is reduced, allowing for gentle evaporation of water while preserving the desired flavors, nutrients, and viscosity of the product. Vacuum concentration is commonly used in the production of juices, sauces, and concentrates.
5. Vacuum Mixing and Deaeration: Vacuum pumps are used in mixing and deaeration processes in food processing. In the production of certain food products such as chocolates, confectioneries, and sauces, vacuum mixing is employed to remove air bubbles, achieve homogeneity, and improve product texture. Vacuum pumps aid in the removal of entrapped air and gases, resulting in smooth and uniform food products.
6. Vacuum Filtration: Vacuum pumps are utilized in food processing for vacuum filtration applications. Vacuum filtration involves separating solids from liquids or gases using a filter medium. Vacuum pumps create suction that draws the liquid or gas through the filter, leaving behind the solid particles. Vacuum filtration is commonly used in processes such as clarifying liquids, removing impurities, and separating solids from liquids in the production of beverages, oils, and dairy products.
7. Marinating and Brining: Vacuum pumps are employed in marinating and brining processes in the food industry. By applying a vacuum to the marinating or brining container, the pressure is reduced, allowing the marinade or brine to penetrate the food more efficiently. Vacuum marinating and brining help enhance flavor absorption, reduce marinating time, and improve the overall taste and texture of the food.
8. Controlled Atmosphere Packaging: Vacuum pumps are used in controlled atmosphere packaging (CAP) systems in the food industry. CAP involves modifying the gas composition within food packaging to extend the shelf life and maintain the quality of perishable products. Vacuum pumps aid in the removal of oxygen or other unwanted gases from the package, allowing the introduction of a desired gas mixture that preserves the food’s freshness and inhibits microbial growth.
These are just a few examples of how vacuum pumps are used in food processing. The ability to create and control vacuum or low-pressure environments is a valuable asset in preserving food quality, enhancing shelf life, and facilitating various processing techniques in the food industry.
editor by CX 2023-12-14
China Hot selling Lab Silent 12L/Min PTFE Membrane Diaphragm Vacuum Pump GM-0.20 supplier
Product Description
Lab silent 12L/min PTFE membrane diaphragm vacuum pump
Product Overview:
1. Picture of CHINAMFG GM-0.20 Vacuum Pump:
2. Parameters of CHINAMFG GM-0.20 Vacuum Pump:
|
Model |
GM-0.20 |
GM-0.5II |
GM-0.5 |
GM-0.33II |
GM-1.0 |
|
Pump Head |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
Speed of Evacuation |
15 L/Min |
30 L/Min |
20 L/Min |
60 L/Min |
|
|
Ultimate pressure |
≥0.075 Mpa |
≥0.095 Mpa |
≥0.08 Mpa |
||
|
Vacuum |
250 mbar |
50 mbar |
200 mbar |
||
|
Pressure |
≥30 Psi Positive or negative pressure |
Negative pressure |
≥30Positive, Positive or negative pressure |
Negative pressure |
≥30Positive, Positive or negative pressure |
|
Inlet |
φ6 mm |
||||
|
Outlet |
φ6 mm |
Silencer |
φ6 mm |
Silencer |
φ6 mm |
|
Working Temp. |
7~40ºC |
||||
|
Body Temp. |
<55ºC |
||||
|
Noise Level |
<60 dB |
<50 dB |
|||
|
Motor Power |
75W |
160W |
|||
|
Power consumption |
AC110/220V±10%, 50/60Hz |
||||
|
Diaphragm |
NBR |
||||
|
Valves |
/ |
NBR |
|||
|
Net Weight(kg) |
4 |
10 |
6.6 |
6.2 |
10 |
|
Gross Weight(kg) |
4.5 |
11 |
7.6 |
7.5 |
11 |
|
External Size (L*W*H)mm |
195*98*156 |
300*120*235 |
210*160*235 |
215*120*235 |
300*160*235 |
|
Package Size(L*W*H)mm |
330*210*240 |
314*205*316 |
300*210*310 |
315*200*310 |
380*340*270 |
3. Features of CHINAMFG GM-0.5 Vacuum:
Features:
* Oil free,clean exhausted air by built- in filter .
* Automatic cooling exhaust system ensures 24 h operation continuously.
* The pressure adjustable design can satisfy a certain range of vacuum and gas velocity.
* surface treatment, anti-gas corrosion.
* orange look for anticorrosive vacuum pump(eg: GM-0.33IIP, GM-0.5P, GM-0.5IIP, GM-1.0P)
Company Overview:
FAQ
1. How about the sample of CHINAMFG product?
We could send you the samples but the freight and the sample are charged.
2. How about CHINAMFG delivery time?
Within 7-15 workdays after receiving deposit.
3. How about CHINAMFG validity of quotation?
Usually 30 days as the shipping freight and exchange rate can be fluctuant.
4. What’s the shipping port?
FOB to HangZhou Port, China(also can ship according to customers’ request)
5. How about the package?
Bubble film & cotton & standard export wooden case
6. How to inspect the goods?
Products will be checked by our QC staff first, then our project manager.
Client can come and check by themselves or by third party check is available.
Contact Me
| Oil or Not: | Oil Free |
|---|---|
| Structure: | Rotary Vacuum Pump |
| Exhauster Method: | Positive Displacement Pump |
| Vacuum Degree: | Vacuum |
| Work Function: | Mainsuction Pump |
| Working Conditions: | Dry |
| Customization: |
Available
|
|
|---|
Can Vacuum Pumps Be Used in the Automotive Industry?
Yes, vacuum pumps are widely used in the automotive industry for various applications. Here’s a detailed explanation:
The automotive industry relies on vacuum pumps for several critical functions and systems within vehicles. Vacuum pumps play a crucial role in enhancing performance, improving fuel efficiency, and enabling the operation of various automotive systems. Here are some key applications of vacuum pumps in the automotive industry:
1. Brake Systems: Vacuum pumps are commonly used in vacuum-assisted brake systems, also known as power brakes. These systems utilize vacuum pressure to amplify the force applied by the driver to the brake pedal, making braking more efficient and responsive. Vacuum pumps help generate the required vacuum for power brake assistance, ensuring reliable and consistent braking performance.
2. Emission Control Systems: Vacuum pumps are integral components of emission control systems in vehicles. They assist in operating components such as the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) valve and the Evaporative Emission Control (EVAP) system. Vacuum pumps help create the necessary vacuum conditions for proper functioning of these systems, reducing harmful emissions and improving overall environmental performance.
3. HVAC Systems: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems in vehicles often utilize vacuum pumps for various functions. Vacuum pumps help control the vacuum-operated actuators that regulate the direction, temperature, and airflow of the HVAC system. They ensure efficient operation and precise control of the vehicle’s interior climate control system.
4. Turbocharger and Supercharger Systems: In performance-oriented vehicles, turbocharger and supercharger systems are used to increase engine power and efficiency. Vacuum pumps play a role in these systems by providing vacuum pressure for actuating wastegates, blow-off valves, and other control mechanisms. These components help regulate the boost pressure and ensure optimal performance of the forced induction system.
5. Fuel Delivery Systems: Vacuum pumps are employed in certain types of fuel delivery systems, such as mechanical fuel pumps. These pumps utilize vacuum pressure to draw fuel from the fuel tank and deliver it to the engine. While mechanical fuel pumps are less commonly used in modern vehicles, vacuum pumps are still found in some specialized applications.
6. Engine Management Systems: Vacuum pumps are utilized in engine management systems for various functions. They assist in operating components such as vacuum-operated actuators, vacuum reservoirs, and vacuum sensors. These components play a role in engine performance, emissions control, and overall system functionality.
7. Fluid Control Systems: Vacuum pumps are used in fluid control systems within vehicles, such as power steering systems. Vacuum-assisted power steering systems utilize vacuum pressure to assist the driver in steering, reducing the effort required. Vacuum pumps provide the necessary vacuum for power steering assistance, enhancing maneuverability and driver comfort.
8. Diagnostic and Testing Equipment: Vacuum pumps are also utilized in automotive diagnostic and testing equipment. These pumps create vacuum conditions necessary for testing and diagnosing various vehicle systems, such as intake manifold leaks, brake system integrity, and vacuum-operated components.
It’s important to note that different types of vacuum pumps may be used depending on the specific automotive application. Common vacuum pump technologies in the automotive industry include diaphragm pumps, rotary vane pumps, and electric vacuum pumps.
In summary, vacuum pumps have numerous applications in the automotive industry, ranging from brake systems and emission control to HVAC systems and engine management. They contribute to improved safety, fuel efficiency, environmental performance, and overall vehicle functionality.
Can Vacuum Pumps Be Used for Soil and Groundwater Remediation?
Vacuum pumps are indeed widely used for soil and groundwater remediation. Here’s a detailed explanation:
Soil and groundwater remediation refers to the process of removing contaminants from the soil and groundwater to restore environmental quality and protect human health. Vacuum pumps play a crucial role in various remediation techniques by facilitating the extraction and treatment of contaminated media. Some of the common applications of vacuum pumps in soil and groundwater remediation include:
1. Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE): Soil vapor extraction is a widely used remediation technique for volatile contaminants present in the subsurface. It involves the extraction of vapors from the soil by applying a vacuum to the subsurface through wells or trenches. Vacuum pumps create a pressure gradient that induces the movement of vapors towards the extraction points. The extracted vapors are then treated to remove or destroy the contaminants. Vacuum pumps play a vital role in SVE by maintaining the necessary negative pressure to enhance the volatilization and extraction of contaminants from the soil.
2. Dual-Phase Extraction (DPE): Dual-phase extraction is a remediation method used for the simultaneous extraction of both liquids (such as groundwater) and vapors (such as volatile organic compounds) from the subsurface. Vacuum pumps are utilized to create a vacuum in extraction wells or points, drawing out both the liquid and vapor phases. The extracted groundwater and vapors are then separated and treated accordingly. Vacuum pumps are essential in DPE systems for efficient and controlled extraction of both liquid and vapor-phase contaminants.
3. Groundwater Pumping and Treatment: Vacuum pumps are also employed in groundwater remediation through the process of pumping and treatment. They are used to extract contaminated groundwater from wells or recovery trenches. By creating a vacuum or negative pressure, vacuum pumps facilitate the flow of groundwater towards the extraction points. The extracted groundwater is then treated to remove or neutralize the contaminants before being discharged or re-injected into the ground. Vacuum pumps play a critical role in maintaining the required flow rates and hydraulic gradients for effective groundwater extraction and treatment.
4. Air Sparging: Air sparging is a remediation technique used to treat groundwater and soil contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It involves the injection of air or oxygen into the subsurface to enhance the volatilization of contaminants. Vacuum pumps are utilized in air sparging systems to create a vacuum or negative pressure zone in wells or points surrounding the contaminated area. This induces the movement of air and oxygen through the soil, facilitating the release and volatilization of VOCs. Vacuum pumps are essential in air sparging by maintaining the necessary negative pressure gradient for effective contaminant removal.
5. Vacuum-Enhanced Recovery: Vacuum-enhanced recovery, also known as vacuum-enhanced extraction, is a remediation technique used to recover non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) or dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) from the subsurface. Vacuum pumps are employed to create a vacuum or negative pressure gradient in recovery wells or trenches. This encourages the movement and extraction of NAPLs or DNAPLs towards the recovery points. Vacuum pumps facilitate the efficient recovery of these dense contaminants, which may not be easily recoverable using traditional pumping methods.
It’s important to note that different types of vacuum pumps, such as rotary vane pumps, liquid ring pumps, or air-cooled pumps, may be used in soil and groundwater remediation depending on the specific requirements of the remediation technique and the nature of the contaminants.
In summary, vacuum pumps play a vital role in various soil and groundwater remediation techniques, including soil vapor extraction, dual-phase extraction, groundwater pumping and treatment, air sparging, and vacuum-enhanced recovery. By creating and maintaining the necessary pressure differentials, vacuum pumps enable the efficient extraction, treatment, and removal of contaminants, contributing to the restoration of soil and groundwater quality.
Can Vacuum Pumps Be Used in Laboratories?
Yes, vacuum pumps are extensively used in laboratories for a wide range of applications. Here’s a detailed explanation:
Vacuum pumps are essential tools in laboratory settings as they enable scientists and researchers to create and control vacuum or low-pressure environments. These controlled conditions are crucial for various scientific processes and experiments. Here are some key reasons why vacuum pumps are used in laboratories:
1. Evaporation and Distillation: Vacuum pumps are frequently used in laboratory evaporation and distillation processes. By creating a vacuum, they lower the boiling point of liquids, allowing for gentler and more controlled evaporation. This is particularly useful for heat-sensitive substances or when precise control over the evaporation process is required.
2. Filtration: Vacuum filtration is a common technique in laboratories for separating solids from liquids or gases. Vacuum pumps create suction, which helps draw the liquid or gas through the filter, leaving the solid particles behind. This method is widely used in processes such as sample preparation, microbiology, and analytical chemistry.
3. Freeze Drying: Vacuum pumps play a crucial role in freeze drying or lyophilization processes. Freeze drying involves removing moisture from a substance while it is in a frozen state, preserving its structure and properties. Vacuum pumps facilitate the sublimation of frozen water directly into vapor, resulting in the removal of moisture under low-pressure conditions.
4. Vacuum Ovens and Chambers: Vacuum pumps are used in conjunction with vacuum ovens and chambers to create controlled low-pressure environments for various applications. Vacuum ovens are used for drying heat-sensitive materials, removing solvents, or conducting reactions under reduced pressure. Vacuum chambers are utilized for testing components under simulated space or high-altitude conditions, degassing materials, or studying vacuum-related phenomena.
5. Analytical Instruments: Many laboratory analytical instruments rely on vacuum pumps to function properly. For example, mass spectrometers, electron microscopes, surface analysis equipment, and other analytical instruments often require vacuum conditions to maintain sample integrity and achieve accurate results.
6. Chemistry and Material Science: Vacuum pumps are employed in numerous chemical and material science experiments. They are used for degassing samples, creating controlled atmospheres, conducting reactions under reduced pressure, or studying gas-phase reactions. Vacuum pumps are also used in thin film deposition techniques like physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
7. Vacuum Systems for Experiments: In scientific research, vacuum systems are often designed and constructed for specific experiments or applications. These systems can include multiple vacuum pumps, valves, and chambers to create specialized vacuum environments tailored to the requirements of the experiment.
Overall, vacuum pumps are versatile tools that find extensive use in laboratories across various scientific disciplines. They enable researchers to control and manipulate vacuum or low-pressure conditions, facilitating a wide range of processes, experiments, and analyses. The choice of vacuum pump depends on factors such as required vacuum level, flow rate, chemical compatibility, and specific application needs.
editor by CX 2023-11-09
China JOAN LAB Diaphragm Vacuum Pump For Filtration System with Good quality
Customized help: OEM
Design Amount: VP-10L / VP-15L / VP-30L
Application: Commercial Buildings, Establishing Globe Water Remedies, Household Homes, Foodstuff and Beverage Sector
Horsepower: 20W
Energy Source: Electric powered
Strain: .075MPa
Framework: Diaphragm Pump
Cable Size: 1M
Outlet Measurement: 6mm
Voltage: a hundred and ten-220V, 110V/ 220V
Use: Air Pump
Concept: Vacuum Pump
Product title: LAB Diaphragm Vacuum Pump Filtration Method
Kind: Without having Pump Oil
Excess weight: 1.5 kgs
Characteristic: Transportable,minimal noise
Gas: Electric powered
Electricity: 20W
Certification: ce
Packaging Information: CZPT Diaphragm Vacuum Pump For Filtration Technique.Our packing is Safety Packaging,avoid packaging hurt..
| Vacuum Pump | ||
| Product Identify | Laboratory Diaphragm Vacuum Pump Oilless | |
| Model | VP-10L / VP-15L / VP-30L | |
| Item Function |
| |
| Adjustable Velocity Oil-free of charge Diaphragm Vacuum Pump | ||
| Product Identify | Laboratory Vacuum Pump | |
| Product | VP-15S | |
| Product Attribute |
| |
| Vacuum Pump Technical Knowledge | ||||
| Model | VP – 10L | VP – 15L | VP-15S | VP – 30L |
| Photograph | | | | |
| Kind | Negative stress | Optimistic and adverse pressure | ||
| Pumping velocity:(L/min) | ten | fifteen | – 15 | 30 |
| Ultimate Vacuum / Damaging Strain (Mpa) | .075 | 0.08 | .085 | |
| Max Pressure / Good Pressure(bar) | / | / | five. | |
| Sounds Degree(DB) | <40 | <45 | < High Performance Portable Oilless Vacuum Pump 1hp Piston Vacuum Pump With CE Certificates For Sale 50 | |
| Motor Power(W) | 20 | 30 | fifty | |
| Diaphragm&Vales | NBR | |||
| Overload safety | YES | |||
| More than temperature security | YES | |||
| Brief circuit defense | YES | |||
| Proportions (mm) | 192x100x135 | 240x120x160 | ||
| Goods weight (kgs) | 1.58 | two.sixty eight | ||
| one.Can I get some samples? |
| A:We are honored to send out you our samples for free,and according to our company’s rule. Sample is free of charge for your evaluation but the specific charge require to paid by your esteemed company |
| two.How about the shipping time? |
| 1)For Sample get will be prepared within 5 Days. two)For bulk buy, normally,it needs 20-30days, it is dependent on your QTY |
| 3.Can you do customized-made? |
| OEM, ODM equally welcomed. We also can aid you to layout. 1).Silk print your emblem on the product2).Personalized Coloration box3)Style and produce primarily based on your Concept and draft |
| 4.How about the payment? |
| 1).Amount significantly less than $one thousand, You can pay for the purchase by Paypal, western Union2).Quantity more than $1000, Customizable Materials Stainless Metal Diaphragm Non Electrical Diaphragm Vacuum Pump You can shell out for the order by T/T, LC three).Alibaba trade assurance paid |
| five.How about the shipping? |
| one) For sample order, it would despatched by categorical organization like UPS, Fedex ,TNT ect. We have powerful cooperation with them and if you have express gathered account, you will no want to pay out us. two) For bulk buy, it would despatched by sea. We have our cooperation forwarder and you also can use your forwarder. |
| six.How about your after service? |
| 1) Any Inquiries will be replied inside of 24 hours two) Skilled maker, Good quality concern,aggressive price tag three)All merchandise will be strictly good quality checked and properly-packed before transport 4)If you get FCL and the damaged more than 2%,we will replace you at next time. |
| 7.Can you notify me your primary customers? |
| Sorry we could not explain to you besides customer’s authorization. At the very same time,your information also will be secured. |
| Make sure you feel totally free to make contact with us if you have any confuse and issue any time. |
Basic knowledge of vacuum pump
A vacuum pump is used to create a relative vacuum within a sealed volume. These pumps take gas molecules out of the sealed volume and expel them, leaving a partial vacuum. They can be used in a variety of applications, including medicine and laboratory research. This article will cover the basics of vacuum pumps, including how they operate and the materials they use. You will also learn about typical applications and fees. 
How it works
A vacuum pump is a pump that removes air from a specific space. These pumps are divided into three types according to their function. Positive displacement pumps are used in the low vacuum range and high vacuum pumps are used in the ultra-high vacuum range. The performance of a vacuum pump depends on the quality of the vacuum it produces.
A vacuum pump creates a partial vacuum above the surrounding atmospheric pressure. The speed of the pump is proportional to the pressure difference between the ambient atmosphere and the base pressure of the pump. Choose a base pressure for a specific process, not the lowest possible pressure in the system.
A scroll pump is also a type of vacuum pump. This type of pump consists of two scrolls, the inner scroll running around the gas volume. It then compresses the gas in a spiral fashion until it reaches the maximum pressure at its center. The inner and outer scrolls are separated by a polymer tip seal that provides an axial seal between them. Its pumping speed ranges from 5.0 to 46 m3/h.
Another type of vacuum pump is the screw pump, which uses two rotating screws in one chamber. The screw in the screw pump is a left-handed screw, and the other is a right-handed screw. The two screws do not touch each other when engaged, preventing contamination of the medium. They also feature high pumping speeds, low operating costs and low maintenance requirements.
The vacuum pump consists of several parts such as rotor and base. These components create an area of low pressure. Gas and water molecules rush into this low pressure area, where they are sucked into the pump. The pump also rotates, preventing fluid leakage to the low pressure side.
The main function of a vacuum pump is to remove gas particles from an enclosed space. It does this by changing gas molecules between high and low pressure states. A vacuum pump can also generate a partial vacuum. There are several types of vacuum pumps, each designed to perform a specific function, so it is important to choose the right type for your application.
Vacuum Pump Materials
There are two main materials used in vacuum pumps: metal and polyethylene. Metal is more durable, while polyethylene is cheaper and more flexible. However, these materials are not suitable for high pressure and may cause damage. Therefore, if you want to design a high-pressure pump, it is best to use metal materials.
Vacuum pumps are required in a variety of industrial environments and manufacturing processes. The most common vacuum pump is a positive displacement vacuum pump, which transports a gas load from the inlet to the outlet. The main disadvantage of this pump is that it can only generate a partial vacuum; higher vacuums must be achieved through other techniques.
Materials used in vacuum pumps vary from high to rough vacuum pumps. Low pressure ranges are typically below 1 x 10-3 mbar, but high vacuum pumps are used for extreme vacuum. They also differ in manufacturing tolerances, seals used, materials used and operating conditions.
The choice of vacuum pump material depends on the process. The vacuum range and ultimate pressure of the system must be carefully analyzed to find the right material for the job. Depending on the purpose of the pump, a variety of materials can be used, from ceramic to plastic substrates. When choosing a vacuum pump material, be sure to consider its durability and corrosion resistance.
Dry and wet vacuum pumps use oil to lubricate internal parts. This prevents wear of the pump due to corrosion. These types of pumps are also recommended for continuous use and are ideal for applications where the gas is acidic or corrosive. Therefore, they are widely used in the chemical and food industries. They are also used in rotary evaporation and volatile compound processing.
Positive displacement pumps are the most common type. They work by letting gas flow into a cavity and venting it into the atmosphere. Additionally, momentum transfer pumps, also known as molecular pumps, use high-velocity jets of high-density fluids to transport air and gases. These pumps are also used for medical purposes. 
Typical application
Vacuum pumps are used to remove large amounts of air and water from the process. They are used in various industries to improve performance. For example, liquid ring vacuum pumps are used in packaging production to produce plastic sheets in the desired shape and size. Large-capacity suction pumps are used in the chemical industry to improve the surface properties of materials and speed up filtration.
There are two basic principles of vacuum pumps: entrapment and gas transfer. Positive displacement pumps are suitable for low to medium vacuums, while momentum transfer and retention pumps are suitable for high vacuums. Typically, high vacuum systems use two or more pumps working in series.
There are three main categories of vacuum pumps: primary, booster, and secondary. Their working pressure ranges from a few millimeters above atmospheric pressure. They also have several different technologies, including positive displacement, gas transfer, and gas capture. These pumps transport gas molecules through momentum exchange. Typically, they release gas molecules at roughly the same rate as they entered. When the process is complete, the gas molecules are slightly above atmospheric pressure. The discharge pressure is equal to the lowest pressure achieved, which is the compression ratio.
Vacuum pumps are widely used in all walks of life. They can be found in almost every industrial sector, including food processing. For example, they are used to make sausages and food products. In addition, they are used in landfill and digester compressors. They can also be used to build solar panels.
Oil lubricated vacuum pumps are currently the most energy-efficient vacuum pumps. These pumps are suitable for a variety of industrial applications including freeze drying and process engineering. These pumps use oil as a sealant and coolant, which makes them ideal for a variety of applications. These pumps are also very sensitive to vibration.
Another type of vacuum pump is a turbomolecular pump. These pumps have multiple stages and angled vanes. Unlike mechanical pumps, turbomolecular pumps sweep out larger areas at higher pumping speeds. In addition, they can generate ultra-high oil-free vacuums. Additionally, they have no moving parts, which makes them ideal for high vacuum pressures. 
Vacuum Pump Cost
Annual maintenance costs for vacuum pumps range from $242 to $337. The energy consumption of the vacuum pump is also a consideration, as it consumes electricity throughout its operating cycle. For example, an electric motor for a 1 hp pump uses 0.55 kW/hr, which equates to 2,200 kWh of energy per year.
Energy cost is the largest part of the total cost of a vacuum pump. They are usually four to five times higher than the initial purchase price. Therefore, choosing a more energy efficient system can reduce the total cost of ownership and extend the payback period. For many clients, this can be millions of dollars.
A vacuum pump works by compressing gas as it enters a chamber. This pushes the gas molecules towards the exhaust. The exhaust gas is then vented to the atmosphere. A special spring-loaded vane seals the pump’s chamber, creating an airtight seal. Specially formulated oils are also used to lubricate, cool and seal rotors.
Vacuum pumps are not cheap, but they have many advantages over water suction. One of the main advantages of vacuum pumps is their flexibility and reliability. This is an industry-proven solution that has been around for years. However, the initial cost of a vacuum pump is higher than that of a water aspirator.
If the vacuum pump fails unexpectedly, replacement costs can be high. Proper maintenance can extend the life of your system and prevent unplanned downtime. However, no one can predict when a pump will fail, and if a pump does fail, the cost can far exceed the cost of buying a new pump. Therefore, investing in preventive maintenance is a wise investment.
There are many types of vacuum pumps, not all of which are suitable for the same type of application. Make sure to choose a pump with the power required for the job. It should also be able to handle a variety of samples.
editor by czh 2023-02-15
China 20 LMin Lab Pump Head Diaphragm Vacuum Pump For Factory vacuum pump oil near me
Warranty: 1 years
Tailored help: OEM, ODM
Product Amount: GM-.33II(220V)
Application: Automotive Business
Horsepower: 20L/min
Power Resource: Electric powered
Strain: .075Mpa, Negative force
Construction: Gear Pump
Cable Length: 3m
Outlet Dimension: six
Voltage: 110/220
Electrical power: 75W
Design: GM-.33IIP(220V)
Pump Head: one
Velocity of Evacuation: 20L/Min
Greatest pressure: ≥0.08Mpa
Vacuum: 200mbar
Stress Balance: ≥30 Optimistic, Positive or adverse force
Gross bodyweight: Human body Temp.
Noise: <50dB
content: anticorrosive
Certification: ce, ISO
Packaging Specifics: Carton
1. Oil free of charge,clear fatigued air by developed- in filter .2. Automatic cooling exhaust method guarantees 24 h procedure continuously.3. The stress adjustable design can satisfy a specified selection of vacuum and gasoline velocity.4. TEFLON surface area remedy, anti-gasoline corrosion.5. Orange/blackish green for anticorrosive vacuum pump Specification
| Pump Head | 1 |
| Speed of Evacuation | 20 L/Min |
| Ultimate pressure | ≥0.08 Mpa |
| Vacuum | 200 mbar |
| Pressure | Negative pressure |
| Inlet | φ6 mm |
| Outlet | Silencer |
| Working Temp. | 7~40℃ |
| Body Temp. | <55℃ |
| Noise Degree | <50 dB |
| Motor Electrical power | 160W |
| Power usage | AC110/220V±10%, fifty/60Hz |
| Diaphragm | NBR |
| Valves | NBR |
| Net Excess weight(kg) | 6.2 |
| Gross Fat(kg) | 7.5 |
| External Size(L*W*H)mm | 215*one hundred twenty*235 |
| Package Dimension(L*W*H)mm | 315*two hundred*310 |
Types of vacuum pumps
A vacuum pump is a device that draws gas molecules from a sealed volume and maintains a partial vacuum. Its job is to create a vacuum in a volume, usually one of several. There are several types of vacuum pumps, such as root pumps, diaphragm pumps, rotary piston pumps, and self-priming centrifugal pumps.
The diaphragm pump is a dry positive displacement vacuum pump
Diaphragm pumps are a versatile type of vacuum pump. They can be installed in a variety of scenarios including container emptying, positive suction, and simultaneous fluid mixing. Their performance depends on the stiffness and durability of the diaphragm, which in turn depends on the material.
They have good performance when running in dry mode. Diaphragm pumps work very similarly to the human heart, which is why they are often used to create artificial hearts. In addition, the diaphragm pump is self-priming and has high efficiency. They are also capable of handling the most viscous liquids and are used in almost all industries.
However, this type of pump has several disadvantages. One of them is that they are difficult to restart after a power outage. Another disadvantage is that they can generate a lot of heat. Fortunately, this heat is carried away by airflow. However, this heat builds up in the multistage pump. If this happens, the diaphragm or motor may be damaged. Diaphragm pumps operating in two or more stages should be fitted with solenoid valves to maintain vacuum stability.
Diaphragm pumps are a good choice for drying processes where hygiene is important. These pumps have check valves and rubber or Teflon diaphragms. Diaphragm pumps are also ideal for high viscosity applications where shear sensitivity is important. 
Roots pumps are dry method centrifugal pumps
Roots pumps use a vane rotor pump with two counter-rotating vanes that move in opposite directions to move the gas. They are often the first choice for high-throughput process applications. Depending on the size and number of blades, they can withstand up to 10 Torr.
Centrifugal pumps have several advantages, including the ability to handle corrosive fluids and high temperatures. However, when choosing a pump, it is essential to choose a reputable manufacturer. These companies will be able to advise you on the best pump design for your needs and provide excellent after-sales support. Roots pumps can be used in a wide range of industrial applications including chemical, food, and biotechnology.
The Roots pump is a dry centrifugal pump whose geometry enables it to achieve high compression ratios. The screw rotors are synchronized by a set of timing gears that allow gas to pass in both directions and create a compressed state in the chamber. The pre-compressed gas is discharged through a pressure connection and cooled with water. Some pumps are also able to accept additional cooling gas, but this should be done with caution.
The size of the impeller plays an important role in determining the pump head. The impeller diameter determines how high the pump can lift the liquid. Impeller speed also affects the head. Since the head is proportional to the specific gravity of the liquid, the available suction pressure will be proportional to the density of the liquid. The density of water is about 1.2 kg/m3, and the suction pressure of the centrifugal pump is not enough to lift the water.
The rotary vane pump is a self-priming centrifugal pump
A rotary vane pump is a centrifugal pump with a circular pump head and a cycloid cam that supports the rotor. The rotor is close to the cam wall, and two side plates seal the rotor. Vanes in vane pumps are installed in these cavities, and the rotor rotates at high speed, pushing fluid in and out of the pump. The pump offers several advantages, including a reversible design and the ability to handle a wide variety of clean fluids.
Agknx Pumps manufactures a wide range of vane pumps that combine high performance, low cost, and easy maintenance. These pumps handle medium to high viscosity liquids up to 500 degrees Fahrenheit and 200,000 SSU.
The suction side of the rotary vane pump has a discharge port, and the valve prevents the backflow of the discharge air. When the maximum pressure is reached, the outlet valve closes to prevent the backflow of exhaust gas. The mechanical separation step separates the oil from the gas in the pump circuit and returns the remaining oil particles to the sump. The float valve then reintroduces these oil particles into the oil circuit of the pump. The gas produced is almost oil-free and can be blown out of a pipe or hose.
Rotary vane pumps are self-priming positive displacement pumps commonly used in hydraulic, aeration, and vacuum systems. Unlike gear pumps, rotary vane pumps can maintain high-pressure levels while using relatively low suction pressures. The pump is also very effective when pumping viscous or high-viscosity liquids. 
Rotary piston pumps are dry method positive displacement pumps
Rotary piston pumps are dry positive displacement pumps designed to deliver high-viscosity fluids. They are capable of pumping a variety of liquids and can run dry without damaging the liquid. Rotary piston pumps are available in a variety of designs. Some are single shafts, some are two shafts and four bearings.
Positive displacement pumps operate slower than centrifugal pumps. This feature makes the positive displacement pump more sensitive to wear. Piston and plunger reciprocating pumps are particularly prone to wear. For more demanding applications, progressive cavity, diaphragm or lobe pumps may be a better choice.
Positive displacement pumps are typically used to pump high-viscosity fluids. This is because the pump relies on a mechanical seal between the rotating elements and the pump casing. As a result, when fluids have low viscosity, their performance is limited. Additionally, low viscosity fluids can cause valve slippage.
These pumps have a piston/plunger arrangement using stainless steel rotors. Piston/piston pumps have two cavities on the suction side. The fluid then flows from one chamber to the other through a helical motion. This results in very low shear and pulsation rates. The pump is usually installed in a cylindrical housing.
Rotary vane pump corrosion resistance
Rotary vane vacuum pumps are designed for use in a variety of industries. They feature plasma-treated corrosion-resistant parts and anti-suck-back valves to help reduce the number of corrosive vapors entering the pump. These pumps are commonly used in freeze dryers, vacuum ovens, and degassing processes. The high flow rates they provide in their working vacuum allow them to speed up processes and reduce the time it takes to run them. Plus, they have energy-efficient motors and silent volume. <br/While rotary vane vacuum pumps are relatively corrosion resistant, they should not be used for aggressive chemicals. For these chemicals, the most suitable pump is the chemical mixing pump, which combines two types of pumps to improve corrosion resistance. If the application requires a more powerful pump, a progressive cavity pump (eg VACUU*PURE 10C) is suitable.
Oil seals used in rotary vane pumps are important to pump performance. The oil seal prevents corrosion of the aluminum parts of the rotary vane pump and prolongs the service life. Most rotary vane vacuum pumps have a standard set of components, although each component may have different oil seals.
Rotary vane vacuum pumps are the most common type of positive displacement pump. They provide quiet operation and long service life. They are also reliable and inexpensive and can be used in a variety of applications. 
Roots pumps are primarily used as a vacuum booster
Root vacuum pumps are mainly used as vacuum boosters in industrial applications. They need a thorough understanding of operating principles and proper maintenance to function properly. This course is an introduction to Roots vacuum pumps, covering topics such as pump principles, multi-stage pumps, temperature effects, gas cooling, and maintenance.
Roots pumps have many advantages, including compact and quiet operation. They do not generate particles and have a long service life. They also don’t require oil and have a small footprint. However, Roots pumps have several disadvantages, including relatively high maintenance costs and low pumping speeds near atmospheric pressure.
Root vacuum pumps are often used with rotary vane vacuum pumps. They work on the same principle, the air enters a conveying unit formed by two rolling pistons in the housing. The piston heads are separated from each other, and the air passes through the unit without being reduced until it is discharged. When the air in the next unit reaches a higher absolute pressure, it is expelled from the last unit.
Roots pumps can be classified as sheathed or sealed. Roots pumps with sealed motors are suitable for pumping toxic gases. They have less clearance between the stator and motor rotor and have a sealed tank.
editor by czh 2023-02-09